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Using a Mechanical Keyboard on Mac

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Any basic input device, such as a keyboard (mechanical or not) will be compatible with Mac and macOS. This means that the keyboard will be recognized by the computer when plugged in—there are no gross compatibility issues. That said, there is more to the story.  Most keyboard layouts and mechanical keyboards in particular are optimized for Windows-based machines and the shortcuts used within that ecosystem. If you’re a Mac user, or considering switching to Mac, you might benefit from a few recommended configuration settings and tools to improve the experience.  Here, we’ll explore:  ▪️ Default behavior ▪️ Remapping Cmd and Opt keys ▪️ Remapping Function row What happens when you plug a standard mechanical keyboard into a Mac By default, the modifier keys on the left side of the bottom row will map as follows:  Mac Control = Win Control Mac Option = Win Alt Mac Command = Win WinKey Taking a look at the layout of the two types of keyboards, this default mapping presents a layout change that might frustrate you and clash with your muscle memory. The locations of Cmd and Opt are swapped, placing Cmd in the center of the three keys.  To rectify this, there are a few different options, some of which may or may not be available depending on the model of keyboard you have or are considering.  How to remap the Cmd and Opt keys
Solution 1 - Remap within System Settings on Mac The easiest and most universal solution is to change the mapping within System Settings on Mac; software remapping will work with any keyboard, regardless of whether the keyboard is compatible with popular remapping solutions like QMK or VIA. This works on a per keyboard basis, meaning that the changes you make to your mechanical keyboard will not affect the layout of your laptop and/or Apple-branded keyboard. 
  1. Open the macOS Keyboard settings (Spotlight Search “Keyboard”, or System Settings -> Keyboard)
  2. Click “Modifier Keys…” (lower right)
Remap the Cmd and Opt keys as desired (left key description is the physical keyboard, drop-down menu selection is the software action to map)
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  1. Click OK and try the new layout
  2. If this didn’t give the desired results, verify with a keytester that your mechanical keyboard keys are mapped as expected (for example, an HHKB layout board might have Ctrl mapped to the Caps Lock already, in which case you would need to reassign the Ctrl physical key, etc)
  3. Note that you can go a little more crazy with this if you’d like - map the Cmd function to the Caps Lock key to imitate the HHKB layout on a standard board, or anything else you might like to try

Solution 2 - Remap the keyboard itself This is significantly more difficult (though made easier and easier thanks to community tools - don’t be scared away if it interests you) and requires a keyboard that can accommodate custom mapping (Drop CSTM65, CSTM80, Alt, Ctrl, and Shift are easily remapped, while Drop Entr cannot be remapped—use Solution 1 above for Entr). The downside to this solution is that the key remappings are hard-coded into the keyboard logic itself, so if you move the keyboard back and forth between Mac and Windows machines, the layout will now be reversed on the Windows computer.  Hardware remapping to swap Cmd and Opt is really only the ideal solution if you only use Macs and you are also interested in remapping other keys which cannot be configured in software (most common in a more custom layout board). I won’t be going into detail about the remapping process here, as it is more advanced and each method has its own detailed instructions already.  Drop Configurator
Instructions for Drop Alt
Instructions for Drop Ctrl
Instructions for other keyboards

How to remap the Function keys The question of how to remap Function keys has come up a lot over the years, so it’s worth addressing specifically. This functionality is not built into macOS itself. One of two workarounds is required—either remapping the keyboard itself, as described above (Solution 2 for swapping Cmd/Opt), or using software to remap. Software is by far the easiest and most universal solution here. It works for any and all keyboards, including our Entr and Lord of the Rings keyboards. 
Note that while the software solution is shockingly simple, it can be a bit more daunting since you are installing software outside of the app store and granting it access to your system. The program described here has been proven to be a safe and reliable option, but do keep this in mind. 
Enter, Karabiner-Elements. Karabiner-Elements is a free piece of software that allows for feature-rich remapping of keys at the software level. This does mean that the keyboard itself has not been altered, and that the software is required to run at all times in order to enable the remapping; but for those of us who want to use the Function row to control screen brightness, media keys, etc—the tradeoff is well worth it.  Upon first firing up Karabiner-Elements, you’ll be greeted with a couple screens asking for advanced permissions within the macOS operating system. This is to grant the program access to keypresses in order to intercept and fire the desired remapped keys instead. If you wish to proceed with using the software, these will need to be accepted / the correct permissions granted within macOS System Settings.  After granting the correct permissions, Karabiner-Elements fires up and goes to work. By default, the program will remap all Function keys to the correct macOS-specific Function keys. There is nothing else required to configure or change. These remappings can be viewed by clicking on the “Function Keys” panel on the left. 
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Here, you can swap the order around or adjust as you please. Most keycap sets for mechanical keyboards won’t include keys with the correct legends on them (shoutout to MT3 Operator, designed by biip, for including a Mac Function kit), so you’ll be going by memory regardless.  This is truly barely scraping the surface of what Karabiner-Elements can do, though. It can be used to create macros, complicated press-duration-based rules, and so much more. Seriously, check it out if you want to explore more complex remapping options for non-QMK/VIA-compatible keyboards.  That about covers it. Let me know in the comments if anything is missing, otherwise I’d love to hear your favorite macOS-centric or helpful remapping!  Edited to update verbiage/formatting, as well as add Karabiner-Elements section

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Just to supplement this article, I used trial and error to find some of the function key shortcuts for MacOS in my Drop ENTR review! https://drop.com/talk/62256/keys-to-success?utm_source=linkshare&referer=Z2JXCA Here’s what I found: Hot keys for controlling the system or media are not labeled on the keys. Drop includes a post card listing the default Fn + Key combos that will do Windows things, but for Mac I had to explore and memorize. You can change the key input in Mac System Preferences and pull up/swap the alt (option) keycap with the Windows (command) cap if you want to make the keys match your muscle memory. The Media controls are the same for Mac as on the Post card for windows but there’s some odd ones as well. I like that you can control four levels of the keyboard brightness, or turn it off. Here’s the default ones I’ve found so far: Fn + F4: Print (either a document you have open, or highlighted in Finder) Fn + F8: Duplicate (in finder) F11: Show Desktop F12: Show Dashboard (old Widgets feature) ScrLk: F14 (lowers screen brightness) Pause: F15 (raises screen brightness) Fn + Up Arrow: Raise keyboard backlight brightness Fn + Down Arrow: Lower keyboard backlight brightness
Interesting. What Mac & OS is that image from? I cannot recall ever seeing Modifier Keys "Function" on any Mac, ever. And I am going all the back to 1984. :D
GenjokoanM1 MacBook Pro 13-inch running Monterey. I don't have much experience pre-Big Sur, so not sure how this differs from the Catalina era.
GenjokoanI still have an iMac running Mojave (and a new M2 Mac Mini Pro running Ventura), let me know if looking at my settings and sharing screenshots might help you :)
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whoatacos
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Jun 14, 2022
Karabiner Elements allows you to remap keys like this as well, also on a per-keyboard basis. It's a bit more detailed and allows you to assign functions, macros, etc to a single key.
whoatacosInteresting! Thanks for the heads up. Took a quick glance and it seems like a really feature-rich option for customization. I'll need to tinker with it a bit more and will likely add it as a more advanced option.
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