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Understanding Headphone Reviews

Jul 12, 201620762 VIEWS

It's All Greek to Me
As with any expensive electronic product, doing research and reading reviews on headphones is a good way to reduce the risk of buyer's remorse. Physical characteristics such as the build quality, comfort, and accessories are easily described and understood, but when it comes to describing how something sounds - that's a whole other ball game. Understanding the frequency range of sound and how it affects the music is a great running start towards understanding your own preferences and what sound signature of headphone is best for you.

When deciding what headphones are best, we have to start with frequency response.
The Spectrum of Sound
The deep rumbling of a bass guitar. The lively tweeting of a piccolo. Both of these sounds begin as vibrations, carried through the air from the instrument to your ears. As the speed of vibrations is directly correlated to pitch, the low notes on the bass guitar vibrate the air slowly as compared to the higher notes on a piccolo. Measured in Hertz (named after the German scientist who proved the existence of electromagnetic waves), both the bass guitar and the piccolo fall within the audible range of human hearing, approximately 20 Hz to 20 kHz. This spectrum makes up the desirable range of sound for a headphone/IEM/speaker to electronically reproduce.

A headphone is only as good as its parts. Make sure you look beyond the exterior and dive into the engineering of it all.
Instruments on the Frequency Range
Independent Recording Network has created a fantastic, interactive chart (http://www.independentrecording.net/irn/resources/freqchart/main_display.htm) that breaks out and describes the spectrum. The breakout into each range is somewhat subjective and varies based on who is asked, but this serves as a good general guideline.
Sub bass: <60 Hz
Sub bass is a powerful rumbling that is more felt than heard. Here are the chest thumping vibrations that give songs impact. Sub bass is difficult to hear at low volume levels, but too much of a boost results in a muddy-sounding lower end.
Words to describe this range: Rumble, Thump, Power, Weighty, Muddy
Bass: 60 Hz – 250 Hz
Rhythm driving instruments such as the kick drum, toms, snares and bass guitar can be tweaked in this range. Most mainstream music today heavily uses the 90 Hz-200Hz area to color the lower end. A boost here adds warmth and thickness, but too much of a good thing makes music sound boomy and drowns out the rest of the frequency ranges.
Words to describe this range: Tight, Warm, Slam, Thick, Boomy, Bloated, Thick, Thin
Midrange: 250 Hz – 2,000 Hz
250Hz to 500 Hz is where low order harmonics of most instruments lie. Boosting the lower midrange can make bass and lower-stringed instruments sound clearer, but too much can cause higher frequency instruments to sound muffled. 500 Hz onwards has a significant impact on how human vocals sound. Done correctly, male and female vocals should sound lush. Boosting too aggressively turns music syrupy and/or shouty, whereas a recessed midrange causes vocals and instruments to sound distant and far.
Words to describe this range: Fullness, Hard, Honky, Lush, Tinny, Recessed, Muffled, Syrupy, Shouty
Upper midrange: 2,000 Hz – 6,000 Hz
The attack on percussive and rhythm instruments like cymbals are dependent on this range. A well-executed upper midrange adds clarity and has a positive effect on the sound timbre. Excessive boosting causes glare and sibilance, but not enough and music sounds dull and dark.
Words to describe this range: Clarity, Sibilance, Glare, Bright, Edge, Crunch, Dark, Dull
High frequencies: 6,000 Hz – 20,000 Hz
At this range, harmonics are all that's left. High frequencies done right make songs sound airy and open. Over boosting can make music overly bright and fatigue listeners, not enough makes music sound closed-in and soft.
Words to describe this range: Airy, Open, Definition, Sibilance, Bright, Closed-in, Soft

Words of Caution
It's worth noting that reviews online should be taken with a grain of salt. While we've described the spectrum as well as the words most associated with them in reviews, it's an individual's subjective opinion. People have different tastes - just because a respected reviewer showers a headphone with praise doesn't necessarily mean you'll like it. Similarly, just because people speak scathingly about a headphone doesn't mean it can't be a great product to your ears. In the end, reviews should only be used as an initial guide on your road to finding your perfect (headphone) match.
Other Cool Sites to Check Out
We've only just touched on the frequency range and words you might see in a typical audio review. For more information, visit the websites below.
http://www.headphone.com/pages/evaluating-headphones - A dive into understanding headphone measurements, what is desirable, and other helpful graphs.
http://www.audiocheck.net/soundtests_headphones.php - Offers several interesting headphone tests ranging from frequency response to dynamic range to a bass shaker.
http://www.zytrax.com/tech/audio/audio.html - Read up on technical information regarding frequency ranges.
http://www.stereophile.com/reference/50/ - A glossary of audio review terms according to Stereophile.

Image #2 credit: Turntable Lab (http://www.turntablelab.com/pages/headphone-buying-guide-frequency-response-for-headphones)
"Understanding Headphone Reviews" was written by community member Daniel Lui (https://www.massdrop.com/profile/Danny_Liu).

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Dec 25, 2024

Your analysis here is very interesting. I see that your explanations are really aligned with the wonderful physics. In Words of Caution, I realized that you are being very brave in reminding everyone that headphone analysis is quite subjective according to hearing and personal ability, without disregarding important technical data provided by manufacturers that are a reliable and solid basis for a better choice. A few years ago, I relied on these bases to reach the conclusion to choose my Beyerdynamic DT880 Pro Studio and I am satisfied with my choice, but I have a Koss Porta Pro to listen to music outside of my simple home studio. Thank you very much.

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Hohdude

May 18, 2023

A great guide here. As a hard of hearing music lover, I find that sub-bass and bass ranges are too amplified for me; I have to tame these ranges further down and amplified the higher frequency ranges. My audiogram shows a ski-slope, meaning lower frequencies can be heard readily while mid to high frequencies are not. In terms of headphones without equalizers, I prefer AKG 701 with adjusted equalizer on my computer. Cheers.

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k8ty

May 17, 2023

I got the beyerdynamic DT 990 PRO headphones and I was not happy at all when I received them. When I received them the box was already opened and had no seal. In the picture I attached, you can see that the tab was already ripped and there are no seals whatsoever around the box. These were supposed to be a gift for my boyfriend's birthday and now I am unsure that they even work since the box has already been opened. I can't even test them myself because I don't have the right adapter for the stereo jack plug. I paid $250CAD for a brand new headset, not this.

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Bedlam-Inside

Sep 1, 2021

So, would IEM's claiming 'bone conduction' be Sub Bass as it's more felt? Or would it seep into the Bass level as well? Good little article though. Always good to 'translate the Greek' for folks!

(Edited)

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Evshrug

4145

Keyboard Club Member

Dec 14, 2022

Bedlam-InsideGood question... hope you don't mind the late reply! Bone Conduction drivers can produce a wide range of frequencies from bass to mids and some treble. Since the vibrations are traveling through the solids and liquids in your body, higher frequency notes lose their energy more than lower frequency notes, so they're usually paired with other types of drivers like Balanced Armatures (which are especially good with high notes) and Dynamic Drivers to kind of balance them out. That said, there are some headphones (such as the AfterShokz brand) that only use bone conduction drivers, even though they don't extend enough into the high frequencies enough to technically qualify as "hi res." Regardless of driver type, "too much" bass or bass with a lot of resonance can "seep" and mask details in other frequencies. They all end up vibrating your eardrum and concha in the end!!

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Ice_Trae

Jun 30, 2020

How can "Open" and "Closed-In" both be words to describe high frequencies? They sound mutually exclusive to me... I'm confused.

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Ice_Trae

Apr 20, 2021

Yeah I clearly did not read the article in its entirety and now that I'm looking at it again that makes perfect sense.

Evshrug

4145

Keyboard Club Member

Dec 14, 2022

Ice_TraeIn your defense, it was a good line of questioning that directly lead to finding the answer!

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